Astros fan charts team's cheating

I don't personally know a self-identified Astros fan named Tony Adams, nor can I specifically vouch for the research he has done regarding the scandal that has rocked his favorite team.

What I do know is that he seems to have painstakingly given us the most comprehensive look at how the Astros' sign-stealing methods played out in 2017, the year they won the World Series.

To recap the scandal: The Astros, according to MLB's investigation, used a center field camera during home games to figure out what pitches an opposing catcher was telling an opposing pitcher to throw. A couple of months into the season, per the report, the Astros figured out a rather low-tech method for relaying that information to batters: banging on a trash can. The banging (once or twice) usually meant a breaking ball or changeup was coming, while no banging meant it was a fastball.

Adams painstakingly proved it by logging every opposing pitch during an Astros home game from the 2017 regular season. Here is his method, per his website, that lays out the data he collected:

"I wrote an application that downloaded the pitch data from MLB's Statcast. This data has a timestamp for every pitch. I then downloaded the videos from YouTube and, using the timestamp, created a spectrogram for every pitch. A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectrum of frequencies in an audio file. I could then play back the video of the pitches and, helped by the visual of the spectrogram, determine if there was any banging before the pitch."

Turns out, he had to log 8,274 pitches — and found a banging noise before 1,143 of them. The sample is 58 games, since he only used the ones that had video, but that's still a very large slice.

His evidence supports MLB's conclusion that the banging started a couple of months into the season. There were no more than six bangs in any home game, per Adams, until May 28 — when it jumped up to 28 of them in an 8-4 win over Baltimore.

Adams' research finds 48 instances of banging — second most of any of the 58 logged games — during a July 14 game against the Twins, a 10-5 Houston win in which the Astros chased Jose Berrios with an eight-run second inning.

Ten of those "bangs" came in the second inning, all on breaking pitches, including:

• One bang during a Carlos Beltran at bat, where he laid off the 1-0 breaking ball and eventually walked to get the inning going.

• Bangs on successive curve balls after Yuli Gurriel fell behind 0-2. He laid off both pitches and eventually reached on an error.

• One bang on a 3-1 curve ball that George Springer fouled off before eventually singling on a no-bang fastball.

• (With Phil Hughes now pitching): Two bangs for a breaking ball that Beltran, up for a second time in the inning, took for a ball one pitch before hitting a no-bang double.

Hughes, upon seeing the data Wednesday, tweeted: "I couldn't figure out how they were all over mine and Berrios' breaking balls. Almost like they knew it was coming."

Interestingly, Adams also breaks down the information by individual player to see who had the most "bangs" during their at bats.

Checking in with a team-high 147, according to Adams, is current Twins infielder/outfielder Marwin Gonzalez — who enjoyed a robust 2017 season in Houston, particularly at home and particularly in relation to the rest of his career,

Knowing what pitch was coming in key moments is a massive advantage in a sport that requires such quick reaction times — one reason hitters often "guess" what pitch they are going to get, in order to be best prepared to drive a ball.