If President Obama rejects the Keystone XL pipeline, large quantities of the Canadian oil it's designed to carry will still roll into the United States — on railroads with tracks through Minnesota.
The proposed pipeline across Montana, South Dakota and Nebraska has provoked opposition from environmental activists who say extraction of crude oil from tar sands increases greenhouse gases that cause global warming.
As anti-pipeline groups have pressed the White House to kill the project, the oil and railroad industries have been building oil-loading terminals and buying tank cars to ship Canadian crude oil by rail.
"There is no permitting required — you can put oil on rail and nobody can complain," said Sandy Fielden of RBN Energy, a Houston-based consulting firm that has tracked the oil-by-rail boom.
In the campaign against Keystone XL, the National Wildlife Federation and other groups have issued two reports since 2011 critical of pipeline safety, singling out Canada's heavy oil called bitumen as especially hazardous. Neither report mentioned the risks of shipping it by rail.
"This is not something we had been working on," Beth Wallace of the federation's Great Lakes Regional Center in Ann Arbor, Mich., said of the crude-by-rail trend. Neither pipelines nor rail, she said, are "options for what should be our future."
Yet the dramatic growth of the crude-by-rail business in North America illustrates how quickly shippers can adapt to a new option. North Dakota, the nation's No. 2 oil-producing state behind Texas, ships the majority of its oil by rail from loading terminals built mostly in the past three years.
The sprouting of the oil-by-rail business in Canada is important to Minnesota because the two major carriers, Canadian National (CN) and Canadian Pacific (CP), have gateways into the United States through the state. CN tracks go through Duluth, while CP has a route through the Twin Cities.