But interacting with a version of a departed loved one is now more accessible than ever, thanks to generative language models such as ChatGPT. Trained on a deceased relative's words — from a digital journal, videos or other content — a chatbot can reply to a prompt or question from a survivor with what it predicts the relative would say.

This might sound like the episode of the science-fiction series "Black Mirror" that explored a woman's use of technology to create a virtual version of her dead boyfriend, with disturbing implications. But this is the very real way technology is helping people deal — or maybe not deal — with death.

Funeral homes already are adding AI-powered obituary-writing services to the digital memorial webpages they create. An interactive app, HereAfter AI, lets a user preserve photos and memories for family members to access after the user has died. The Project December website offers to "simulate the dead" in a text-based conversation with anyone, "including someone who is no longer living."

In 2020, reality TV star Kim Kardashian even famously received a hologram of her late father wishing her a happy 40th birthday, a gift from her now ex-husband, rapper Kanye West.

Rowell, however, is unlikely to pursue any similar avenues.

"I don't think it would do me any good," said Rowell, who teaches the psychology of grief class in the mortuary science program at the University of Minnesota's medical school. "I think that it would open up a wound that at least has a pretty good cover on it."

The potential for new technology to intersect with age-old bereavement practices is growing nonetheless. Rowell and others have advice on what to consider in creating a "chatbot of the dead."

Remember dignity, respect

Michael LuBrant, director of the U's mortuary science program, said the impulse to create a way to communicate with the dearly departed is part of human nature.

"There's no question that the idea of having ways to remember and memorialize and connect is, I think, something that's wired into our DNA," LuBrant said.

LuBrant, however, urges caution to families and funeral homes regarding chatbots. One concern is the degree to which survivors or others define the legacy of someone who has died.

"To what extent is any service offering that I would present to a survivor next of kin, something that one would argue would demonstrate the highest degree of respect, dignity and concern for that individual who died in honoring their wishes and the wishes of the next of kin?" LuBrant said.

Tukios, a Utah-based software company that serves funeral homes in Minnesota and across the country, would need roughly a month to complete a chatbot, CEO Curtis Funk said. Tukios already offers an AI-powered obituary writer and a content moderation tool for online guestbooks.

"People would love it, the way they listen to voice mails after someone's passed away or watch videos just to hear their voice," Funk said of such a chatbot. "We're open-minded to building that into our suite."

But family members should decide whether to have a chatbot created and collect the content that goes into it.

"I don't think anything like that should ever be done without the family's approval," Funk said. "I think funeral directors all feel the same way."

The risk of healing

Many families find great "healing value" as they interact with the memorial websites that technology already allows funeral directors to offer, said Walker Posey, managing director of Posey Funeral Directors in North Augusta, S.C.

"If you would take this a step further and get into this scenario where they were interacting with the persona that was their loved one, I think there would be a lot of value in that," said Walker, speaking for himself and on behalf of the National Funeral Directors Association.

Rowell, LuBrant's counterpart at the U, warned continuing to interact with a "mombot" or "dadbot" could send a person into complicated grief, a form that's debilitating and often misdiagnosed as depression.

"Sooner or later, the last part of grief work, the last step, is going to be that you withdraw your emotional energy and reinvest it into new relationships or other relationships," Rowell said.

Community, not isolation

Conversations about how to monetize ChatGPT and how to use it to support grieving came up after the generative AI model sprang into public consciousness late last year, said Alexis Elder, associate professor of philosophy at the University of Minnesota Duluth.

"Even if we can find ways to make money with it, what does it mean to respectfully interact with people's memories?" Elder said. "I would guess that there are going to be some discussions around not just what technically can you monetize but what would you want to monetize?"

Elder examined using pre-ChatGPT AI technology to create virtual versions of the departed in a research paper titled "Conversation from Beyond the Grave?" It focuses on a debate in classical Chinese philosophy about whether mourning periods should be shorter so people return to business, or more extensive and social.

Based on her research, Elder concluded a chatbot should support mourning in the context of social or community practices and shouldn't "be something we're going to sell individually." That contrasts with the well-documented case of a Canadian man who spent months alone interacting with a chatbot of his late fiancée he created on the Project December website.

"There's a difference between saying, 'Here's how the community comes together and remembers what it was like to talk with this person' versus saying, 'Here's somebody who's hurting and bereaved, send them off with a chatbot,'" Elder said.

Todd Nelson is a freelance writer in Lake Elmo. His e-mail is todd_nelson@mac.com.