Turkey growers crying foul over USDA decision favoring industry players including Jennie-O, Cargill

Eddie Todd has raised turkeys for a major processing company for two decades. He’s still confused about how the company calculates his pay.

The company provides the birds, and Todd, the president of the Arkansas Farmers Union, raises them. Sometimes, sick turkey chicks have been delivered to him, he said, which affects his ability to make a living.

“You never know exactly what you’re going to get,” he said. “I [have] had to compete against some healthy birds, and my check was near nothing.”

In this “tournament system,” neighboring farms are pitted against each other, and growers have little information about how their payments are calculated. The federal government recently vowed reform, but the changes will apply only to the chicken industry. Turkey growers such as Todd will continue to deal with the same pitfalls.

“It’s devastating,” Todd said. “[The reforms were] a big piece of the puzzle to make things more fair for the family farmers.”

The USDA’s final ruling states that the turkey industry was left out because of differences between the animals’ biology, the amount of time it takes to grow a flock of turkeys compared to a broiler chicken flock, and a lack of uniformity in all turkey production contracts, as some turkey grower compensation is based on square footage of a barn versus a tournament system.

“Much of the disclosed information would not be applicable or of significant value to turkey growers,” the ruling states.

An analysis of USDA data by Investigate Midwest shows that nearly every chicken raised in the country is raised under contract and has been since the early 2000s. The total number of turkeys raised under contract increased 5% in the same time frame. And as of 2017, 70% of all turkeys raised in the country now are raised under contract.

In the tournament system, large poultry companies like Tyson, Butterball, Hormel’s Jennie-O and Cargill rank growers’ performance against each other whenever they collect a flock of birds. Contract growers own the land, barns and machinery to raise birds to plump, harvestable sizes. They take on the investment in property and capital to raise livestock they do not own.

While the U.S. consumes much more chicken than turkey, both industries share a history of price-fixing and consolidation. The USDA alleges these practices have increased prices for consumers and suppressed payments for growers.

According to a 2023 antitrust lawsuit filed by the U.S. Department of Justice, poultry companies engaged in tournament systems “do not adequately disclose the risk inherent in their tournament systems to growers, and growers cannot reasonably evaluate the range of potential financial outcomes, manage their risks, or compare competing poultry processors.”

The USDA announced the creation of a new rule in 2022 to increase transparency in poultry grower contracts. In November 2023, the agency presented the rule’s final language, and one detail shocked Todd and other farmers like him: the agency had removed turkey contract growers from its final ruling.

Todd said it’s evident that chickens and turkeys are different animals, but the contracts they operate under are “so similar.” To him, the end results of turkey and chicken farming have been the same. Todd said he’s seen big swings in pay from flock to flock, and 23 years into turkey farming, he is still in debt for his barns and equipment.

Investigate Midwest spoke with two other contract growers raising turkeys for major poultry companies. Both agreed that there is little difference between chicken and turkey contracts. The growers requested anonymity over concerns of company retaliation. Todd asked that the name of the company he grows for not be published because of similar concerns.

Claire Kelloway, a researcher focused on food and agriculture with the anti-monopoly nonprofit Open Markets Institute, said minor technical differences might exist between the bird operations. Still, the base issue of the new USDA ruling is the same, no matter the bird: Farmers are going into contracts without knowing all the details, they have limited choices of which companies to grow for, and their pay, birds, feed and other inputs change from flock to flock.

“It’s hard to look at this and not see turkey farmers as being left behind,” Kelloway said.

About 32,000 farms sell chickens in the U.S., and the USDA’s new rule will have widespread effects. But not including turkeys leaves some 11,000 farms that will not be subject to the new reforms.

The agency’s most recent agricultural census shows a 15% increase in turkey farms from 2012 to 2017. In that same time frame, the number of farms in the country that raise chicken to eat, known as broilers, stayed roughly the same.

Even so, broilers sold in the country outrank turkeys 46 to 1. The broiler industry is estimated to be worth $50 billion as of 2022.

Four companies control most of the country’s chicken supply: Tyson Foods, Pilgrim’s Pride (with Minnesota operations and owned by multinational meatpacking company JBS), Perdue Farms and Sanderson Farms (part-owned by Minnetonka-based Cargill).

The turkey industry is even more consolidated. Just three companies control most of the nation’s supply: Jennie-O Turkey Store, owned by Hormel Foods, based in Austin, Minn.; Butterball, owned mostly by multinational agribusiness company Seaboard Corp.; and Cargill, another agribusiness conglomerate that sells turkey under brand names Shady Brook Farms and Honeysuckle White.

Butterball and Jennie-O Turkey declined to comment for this story. Cargill did not respond to repeated requests for comment.

“The National Turkey Federation pointed out numerous provisions in the proposal that would be difficult to adapt to the turkey industry,” Katie Krause, a National Turkey Federation spokesperson, said in an email. “The USDA ultimately determined that differences between the turkey and chicken industries made it too difficult to write a one-size-fits-all rule.”

When the final rule was released in late 2023, the agency had removed turkey and all other non-broiler chicken poultry (such as egg-producing chickens, ducks or geese) from the language. The final rule is effective starting in February.

In the announcement, the agency wrote that comments from the turkey industry weighed in the final decision. “A commenter representing the turkey industry noted the proposed rule was largely based on research into the broiler industry,” the agency wrote. “The commenter asserted it would be extremely difficult for turkey companies to implement the rule due to differences between turkey and chicken production.”