Women in Kosovo are victims of a harsh history

PRISTINA, Kosovo

She purses her lips in a "tsk-tsk" when asked difficult questions. Questions about her life, about the husband who beats her, the father who denies her an inheritance and a place to live.

Slightly hunchbacked, her thin frame barely fills the several layers of donated clothing she wears. At 26, she looks 15. She has three children and an elementary-school education. When she showed up at the door of a women's shelter here, purple bruises painted her face and framed her shattered, crooked nose. Chunks of her hair had been ripped out.

"I've been beaten a lot," said Fatima. "They beat me so badly the last time, I could not care for my children."

In the past couple years, she says, she has spent more time at the shelter, hiding, than in her husband's house. It is only a slight exaggeration.

Fatima is actually luckier than many women in Kosovo, a harsh region weighted by poverty and unenlightened tradition. A United Nations study in 2000 estimated that one-fourth of the female population of Kosovo suffered physical or psychological abuse; Kosovo police last year recorded 1,077 cases of domestic violence.

Fatima and her children were able to escape to a shelter, one of a dozen or so that now operate here. It has given her refuge from the violent men of her family and an alternative to an even darker fate, to be sold into the expansive networks that traffic women in this part of the world like chattel.

Dominated by ethnic Albanians, Kosovo in southernmost Serbia proclaimed itself an independent nation last month, with fervent backing from Washington. Among Kosovo's many challenges, from building state institutions to combating rampant corruption, is improving its historically unjust and often criminal treatment of women.

Like much of the surrounding, rugged Balkans, Kosovo has long served as a notorious transit point for the international trafficking of women, mostly from Eastern Europe, who were forced into prostitution or slavery.

Following a brutal crackdown by Slobodan Milosevic in 1999, Kosovo came under the stewardship of NATO and the United Nations. During the years since, Kosovo evolved from a transit point into both a destination for trafficked women and a source providing them.

The question now is whether independence, which is still in an embryonic stage and not universally recognized, will result in a change of status for women and eradicate the trafficking networks. Or whether organized criminal gangs, with allies in the new government, will be given an even freer hand.

"The first thing our government must do, and they've promised a lot, is to fight unemployment. The violence is linked directly to economic conditions," said Naime Sherifa, director of the Center for the Protection of Women and Children in Pristina, the first such organization here. "People are very tired of being poor."

The breakdown of family structure and the transfer of populations to cities created an anonymity in Kosovo society that did not exist before the war; as one consequence, it left women vulnerable to traffickers and other abuse, said Wanda Troszczynska, a Kosovo specialist with the New York-based Human Rights Watch.

Women previously were relegated to restrictive home lives and guarded behind the high-walled compounds that traditionally housed extended ethnic-Albanian families, or clans. It wasn't freedom, but it was out of reach of outside exploitation. Traffickers brought women from elsewhere, such as Moldova and Romania, initially to be shuttled to Italy or other parts of Europe and, after the war, to remain in Kosovo to "service" a growing international population.

Eventually, more and more Kosovo women, ripped from their traditional home life, also fell prey to traffickers and found themselves lured by promises of work, marriage or their own cell phones, only to end up in seedy bars, strip joints and brothels.

In their long march to prove themselves ready to run a state, Kosovo Albanians set up a police force under U.N. tutelage that gradually took up the mission of raiding bars and rescuing victims of sexual exploitation. In 2006, the Kosovo police conducted 99 raids, arrested 28 suspected traffickers and "identified" 50 victims, according to statistics provided by the U.S. State Department's Global Trafficking in Persons Office.

By all accounts, the work by the Kosovo police is an improvement but only targets the tip of the iceberg.

Igballe Rogova, head of the Kosova Women's Network, an umbrella coalition of about 40 organizations, said she was hopeful that the government, with the independence issue more or less settled, could put into practice laws that exist on paper.

"Today we have really incredibly good mechanisms on gender equality," she told a European Parliament committee on women's issues in Brussels, Belgium, late last month. "We have a law on gender equality, we have an office on gender equality at the prime minister level and, in every ministry, gender-equality officers. We are not happy with the implementation of these mechanisms, but we are very optimistic."

Sherifa said laws grant women rights to own and inherit property on the same terms as men. But it often does not happen that way.

In the case of Fatima, for example, her father owns nearly nine acres of land, which he has partitioned to her brothers. But he refuses to give her land, forcing Fatima to live with her husband and children in her father-in-law's tiny house. Seven people live, cramped and unhappily, in a two-room shack.

Both her husband and the father-in-law beat her, Fatima said. Her "offenses" range from asking for money to buy medicine for a sick child, or asking for food. Sometimes, she said, she goes days without eating. Fatima has ended up in the shelter three times in the last two years, each time after a beating so severe she could not stand the pain any longer.